Comparative Analyses of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Gene Family and Expression Profiling under Multiple Abiotic Stresses in Water Lilies

Plants in their natural habitat frequently face different biotic and abiotic stresses, which lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage cell membranes, cause peroxidation deterioration macromolecules, ultimately result death. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), a class metalloenzymes, is primarily found living organisms serves as principal line defense against ROS. The SOD gene family has not yet been characterized any water lily from genus Nymphaea. present study aims conduct genome-wide discover genes four representative species. In our comparative study, we discovered 43 genomes phylogenetic investigation results revealed closely related plant formed two distinct groups, determined by binding domains with high bootstrap values. Enzymatic ion-binding classified into three FeSOD, Cu/ZnSOD, MnSOD. analysis structure indicated exhibited relatively conserved organization exons introns, well motif configuration. Moreover, promoters SODs contained five phytohormones, stress-responsive elements, numerous light-responsive cis-elements. predicted 3D protein structures form dimer signatures were comparable each other. Finally, RT-qPCR expression nine NcSOD responsiveness heat, saline, cold, cadmium chloride, copper sulphate stress. These findings establish basis for further role Nymphaea colorata offer potential avenues genetic enhancement aquaculture.